Struktur Komputer

Basic Personal Computer Systems

• A computer system consist of hardware and software components.
• Hardware is the physical equipment such as the case, storage drives, keyboard, monitors, cables, speakers and printers.
• Software is the operating system and programs :

1. The operating system instructs the computer how to operate.
2. Programs Or applications perform different functions

Computer Cases and Power supplies
Computer Cases

• Provides protection and support for internal components
• Should be durable, easy to service, and have enough room for expansion
• The size and layout of a case is called a formfactor

Power supply

• converts AC power form the wall socket into DC
• must provide enough power fot the installed components and future additions

Four Basic Units of Electricity

• Voltage (V) is a measure for the force required to push electons through the circuits.Voltage is measure in volts. A computer power supply usually produces several different voltages.
• Current (I) is a measure of the amount of electrons going a thought the circuits. Current is measure in Amperes of amps (A). Computer power supplies deliver different amperages for each output voltage.
• Power (P) is voltage multiplied by current. The measurement is called watts (W). Computer power supplies are rated in Watts
• Resistance (R) is the opposition to the flow of current in a circuit. resistance is measured in ohms. lower resistance allows more current to flow through a circuit.

Internal Components

• Motherboards
• Cental Processing Unit (CPU)
• Cooling System
• ROM and RAM
• Adapter Cards
• Storage Drives
• Internal Cabels

• Motherboards

1. The motherboards is the main circuits boards
2. Contains the buses of electricals pathways found in a computer buses allow data to travel among the various componen
3. Accomodates CPU, RAM, Expansions slots, heat sink/fan assembly, bus chip, shipset, sockets, internal and external connections, various parts and the embeded wires that inter connect the motherboard components

• Cental Processing Unit (CPU)

1. The CPU is known as the brain of the computer. it is also referrend to as the processor.
2. The CPU excutes a program, which is a sequence of stored instructions.
3. Two Major CPU architectures related of instruction sets :
   -Reduced Instrctions Set Computer (RISC)
   -Complex Instrctions Set Computer (CISC)

• Cooling System

1. Electronic components generate heat. Too much heat can damage components.
2. A case fan makes the cooling process more effcient
3. A heat sink draws heat away from the core of the CPU.A fan on top of the heat sink moves the heat 
4. Fans can be dedicated to cool the GPU.

• ROM and RAM

1. Read only memory (ROM)
2. ROM contains the basic instructions for booting the computer and loading the operating system are stored in ROM.
3. Random Access Memory (RAM).
4. RAM is temporary storage for data and programs that are being accessed by the CPU.
5. RAM is volatile memory, which mans that the contents are erased when the computer is powered off.
6. More RAM means more capacity to hold and process large programs and files, as well enchance system performance.

• Adapter Cards

1. Adapter Cards increase the functionality of a computer and loading the operating system are stored in ROM

Motherboards Form Factors

• The form factor of motherboards pertains to the size and shape of the board
• It also describes the physical laypot of the different components and devices on the motherboard.
• Various form factors exist for motherboards :

1. AT-Advanced Technology
2. ATX- Advanced Technology extended
3. Mini ATX smaller footprint of ATX
4. Micro ATX – Smaller footprint of ATZ
5. LPX – Low Profile Extended
6. NLX - New Low Profile Extended
7. BTX - Balanced Technology Extended

Central Processing Unit (Continued)

• Some CPU incorporate hyperthreading to enchance the performance of the CPU.
• The amount of data that a CPU can process at the on time depends on the size of the processor data bus.
• Overlocking is a technique used to make a processor work at a faster speed than its original specification.
• MMX is a set if multimedia instructions built into intel processors.
• The lates processor technology has resulted in CPU manufactures finding ways to incorporate more than one CPU into a single chip. Dual Core, Triple Core CPU and Quad Core CPU

Memory modules

• Memory modules are memory chips that have been soldered on to a special circuit board for easy insalation and removal.
• Dual Inline Package (DIP) is an individual memory chips.
• Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) is a small circuits board that holds several memory chips.
• Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) is a circuit board that holds SDRAM, DDR SDRAM,  DAND DDR2 SDRAM chips.
• RAM Bus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) is a circuit board that holds RDRAM chips.
• Small Ootine DIMM (SODIMM) is a smaller, more condensed version of DIMM which provides random acess data storage that is ideal for use in laptops, printers, and other device where conserving space is desirable.
• The speed of memory has a direct impact on how much data a processor can process because faster memory improves the performance on the processor. As processor speed increases, memory speed must also increase.

Cache And Error Chekcing
Cache

1. SRAM is used as cache memory to store the most frequently used Data
2. SRAM provides the processor with faster access to the data than retrieving form the slower DRAM on main memory

Error Checking

1. Memory errors occur when the data is not stored correctly in the RAM chips
2. The computer uses different methods to defect and current data error in memory

Adapter  Cards

• Adapter cards incrase the functionality of a computer by adding controllers for specific divices or by replacing malfunctioning ports.
• Example of adapter cards:
  -Sound adapter and video adapter
  -USB, parallel, and serial ports
  -Network Interface cards (NIC), wireless NIC, and modem adapter
• Types of expansion slots :
  -Peripheral component interconnect (PCI)
  -Advenced Graphics Port ( AGP)
  -PCI-Express

Hard Drives And Floppy Drives

1. Hard drives and floppy drivers read or write information to magnetic storage media.
2. They may be fixed or removable.
3. The Hard disk drive (HDD) is a magnetic storage device. The storage capacity  is measured in gigabyte (GB)
4. Magnetic hard drives have motors designed to spin magnetic platters and move the  drive heads.
5. Solid state drives (SSDs) do not have moving parts, which results in faster accsesed.